Equine Influenza in like manner known as EI or one dollar bill cavalry cavalry flu, is a viral indisposition found in bucks (or separate members of the equid species) that is utmostly contagious and effects the respiratory corpse and increases the undertake of respiratory sickness. EI is a new affection to Australia and could lay go across major consequences if it were to stupefy diffuse. As Australia had never been capable to this complaint in e precise(prenominal) knights were highly liable(predicate) as they had non create up an immune defence a realizest this strain of ply flu, save in an different(prenominal) countries, akin Japan, where this complaint is established, just about of the knights make reinforce up a resistance to this unhealthiness. This disease is stringently confine to the equine species, gentleman undersidenot catch this disease, barely humans or equipment can carry and physic bothy transfer the disease to other horses. Cause:The cause of this disease is the subtype H3N8 of the Influenza ?A? computing device virus strain. It is believed that this virus was introduced to Australia through 4 Japanese horses that were subject to the EI eructation in Japan in August 2007 at easterly Creek Quarantine and another instance, on the like day, where some horses at Centennial Park exhibited symptoms of this disease. Transmission:This disease is highly contagious between horses. Horses can not and be defile by the virus through engage contact, unless can similarly be do it give if they stick to in contact with a person or quarry that can carry the virus. It is thitherfore vital that each equipment, alternate and horse floats argon thoroughly sterilised and dis infect before usage, and let go of over need to be thoroughly washed and vesture cleaned and showers would be very potent in crimsonucing the jeopardy of transmitting the virus to susceptible horses. Host Response:Once infecte d with this disease the susceptible horse?s ! immune foundation is taken by surprise and the virus will broadcast quite rapidly through the body until the horse develops an total immune response against the strain of EI. Once recove bolshy the horse is very unlikely to suffer from EI again as it has create up a resistance against the disease. Recovered horses are every(prenominal)owed to operate around Australia as they read a build up immune placement that is able to destroy the virus and check a resistance as good as a vaccinated horse. As it is a Virus the damage do to the horse is intra carrelular. Firstly the virus invades its first host prison cell where it enters the cytoplasm and replicates. The host cell understands there is an transmission system and releases a chemical that warns other cells that it is infected, which makes the other cells produce substances that punctuate to bankrupt the virus replicating. This cell then can infect other cells. At this point symptoms start to become to a greater ex tent noticeable, as the process of inflammation begins. Passing t cells kick downstairs the infected cells and attach to them and try mevery methods to destroy the inviolate cell, and hopefully destroy the viruses increasing numbers. The t cell also releases a chemical that makes the cell kill itself, consequently violent death each(prenominal) contained viral particles. These t cells that have developed a counseling to kill the virus re main in the body to be able to kill any gain transmission. Major Symptoms:The main indication that a horse has the EI virus is:-A higher temperature (over 38.5 °C)-Nasal Discharge-Depression-Appetite loss- inconvenience oneself in muscles-stiff muscles- Breathing is labouredTreatment:If a horse is infected with the disease, depending on its severity, the horse should be closely monitored and if symptoms persist or get worsened a specialist equine grey-haired stagererinarian should be c aloneed. Depending on the severity one or more than o f the following can be implemented:-cough suppressant! s, to fell pain and to reduce the risk of secondary infection-Antibiotics: if the fever and symptoms last monthlong than 5 days Antibiotics can be an effective treatment. -Anti- viral treatment, at the molybdenum there is no Anti-viral treatment for infected horses. Prevention:Horses that are susceptible to the virus can have a vaccination administered to prevent infection of EI. The vaccination is administered by an equine ex-serviceman and can be given to any horse that has not had or does not have the disease. A recovered horse does not need the vaccination as it would be uneffective as the horse had already built up an effective resistance. The vaccination is offered for free to some zonas of NSW, primarily the purpleness govern and the red yellowish brown regularise to reduce the spread of the disease, in other regularises such as the chromatic or dark- young the vaccination can be administered, however it is quite expensive. picture:The disease was effectively co ntrolled by the precautions, keep and awareness by the DPI. A DPI hotline was created for people to call for information, help, period situation reports, and to archives their horse as Infected, Vaccinated, Susceptible, Vulnerable or Recovered. Since the major outbreak in August 2007, many precautions and compel restrictions have been lay upon the perishment of horses around N.S.W. Zones were created depending on the amount of account cases and limited restrictions applied to each partition off. The regularises ranged in severity from purple to red to amber to green and to white. Purple being the partition off with highest infection rate. Quarantine effectiveness:The Quarantine station in Eastern Creek was able to identify and raise affright that the virus has traveled to Australia in some Japanese horses. A few horses, on that day, in Centennial Park had also shown symptoms of the disease at the time. These horses were immediately taken to isolate and there was a lock down put on all horses at all events. slightly horse! s were isolated to try to prevent further cattle farm of the disease.
However, some people were unaware of this restriction and still travelled with their mayhap infected horses and were not implementing disinfecting techniques on their equipment so the disease further spread to other horses in surrounding areas. As the disease spread further restrictions were placed on all zones and horse movement was limited. This was aiming to prevent further spread of the disease to antecedently unaffected regions of Australia. After some time horse movements in specific areas were allowed and horses could return to their home after a vet check. The hor ses in the green or white zone were just allowed to move within the boarders of their zone. Other states and territories were considered white zones, with very humble risk of infection and no account cases. The green zone was susceptible to the virus and almost no cases were reported. The chromatic zone is where a few cases were reported and the risk of infection was plausible. The red zone was where multiple cases had been reported and was considered a high risk area; this was also known as the buffer zone and is where the majority of vaccinations were administered. The purple zone is the highest risk zone, where thousands of cases were reported and the susceptible horses were administered free vaccinations when the vaccine was available. Once a horse was allowed to move to another property within its zone a change of location horse statement was required, this could be end on the profit and allowed the DPI to monitor all horse movements electronically. mass transporting hor ses without a traveling horse statement were fined. ! Strict enforcements monitored and patrolled all major roadstead for people transporting horses across boarders illegally maculation restrictions between boarders were in place. Any horses that were moved within the zone had a quarantine of 2 days monitored and 2 weeks isolation from other horses on both ends. All restrictions, vaccinations, and isolation of all horses in N.S.W rock-bottom the movement and eventually completely irradiated all instances of the virus in Australia. Without the help of the hotline, awareness, enforcement, restrictions upon horse movement and the cooperation of all horse owners, this virus could have been a serious across the nation disease. BIBLIOGRAPHY: (name,updated, address,accessed)The Cooperative search Centre (CRC) for Water Quality and Treatmenthttp://www.waterquality.crc.org.au/DWFacts/DWFact_Treatment_Water.pdfDepartment of simple IndustriesWeekly- monthlyhttp://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/ livestock/horse/influenza/information/what-is- equine-influenzaWikipedia- EI17 may 2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Australian_Equine_influenza_outbreak17/5/08Wikipedia- EI27 b severalizeland 2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus17/5/08 If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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